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Biografie ludzi niezwykłych, życiorysy
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Strona główna
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Stephen Schneider
Był popularyzatorem wiedzy na temat zmian klimatu. Dla fizyki atmosfery był osob± tak± jak Carl Sagan dla astronomii. Miał silne pogl±dy co do sposobów dyskusji z przeciwnikami badań klimatycznych: Uważał, że naturalna skłonno¶c naukowców do sceptycyzmu prowadzi do oddawania pola w ważnym społecznie problemie. W 2009 roku napisał na temat swojej pozycji ksi±żkę "Nauka jest jak bijatyka. Batalia o Zachowanie Klimatu Ziemi Widziana od Wewn±trz”. Napisał także ksi±żkę o białaczce „Pacient rodem z piekła”, gdzie pokazywał analogie pomiędzy badaniami zmian klimatu i swoim podej¶ciem do choroby. Uważał, że w obu przypadkach podejmuje się decyzje w sytuacji niekompletnej informacji na temat przyszło¶ci. Jakim¶ cudem, według swojego lekarza, wyszedł z tej choroby.
Schneider był konsultantem Białego Domu za czasów administracji Nixona, Cartera, Reagana, George H.W. Busha, Clintona, George W. Busha i Obamy. W 1992 roku dostał prestiżow± nagrodę MacArthura dla “geniuszy” a w 2007 dostał wraz z wieloma innymi naukowcami zwi±zanymi z IPCC pokojow± Nagrodę Nobla. Po studiach pracował w NASA. Następnie pracował w Narodowym Centrum Badań Atmosferycznych w Kolorado od 1973-1996. Ostatnio był profesorem w Universytecie Stanforda w Kalifornii. Był członkiem Amerykańskiej Akademii Nauk.
Był autorem lub współautorem kilkuset (ponad 450) artykułów naukowych. Pierwszy artykuł Schneidera jaki czytałem był opublikowany w 1972 roku w Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. Artykuł dotyczył wpływu chmur na efekt cieplarniany (Schneider, Stephen H., 1972: Cloudiness as a Global Climatic Feedback Mechanism: The Effects on the Radiation Balance and Surface Temperature of Variations in Cloudiness. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 1413-1422). Był to ważny artykuł na temat roli chmur i zmian klimatu.
Był znienawidzony przez przeciwników badań zmian klimatycznych i dostawał często ostrzeżenia o rychłej ¶mierci co go martwiło ale nie zniechęcało.
Z jego rad korzystały administracje kolejnych amerykańskich prezydentów: Nixona, Cartera, Reagana, obu Bushów, Clintona i Obamy.
Zmarł na atak serca w samolocie lec±cym ze Sztokholmu do Londynu w poniedziałek, 19 lipca 2010 roku w wieku 65 lat.
Stephen H. Schneider (1945 – July 19, 2010) was Professor of Environmental Biology and Global Change at Stanford University, a Co-Director at the Center for Environment Science and Policy of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a Senior Fellow in the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Schneider served as a consultant to Federal Agencies and White House staff in the Nixon, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Clinton, George W. Bush and Obama administrations.
His research included modeling of the atmosphere, climate change, and "the relationship of biological systems to global climate change." Schneider was the founder and editor of the journal Climatic Change and authored or co-authored over 450 scientific papers and other publications. He was a Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group II IPCC TAR and was engaged as a co-anchor of the Key Vulnerabilities Cross-Cutting Theme for the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) at the time of his death. During the 1980s, Schneider emerged as a leading public advocate of sharp reductions of greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming.
Early work
Schneider grew up in Long Island, New York. He studied engineering at Columbia University, receiving his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1966. In 1971, he earned a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering and plasma physics Schneider studied the role of greenhouse gases and suspended particulate material on climate as a postdoctoral fellow at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
In 1971, Schneider was second author on a Science paper with S. I. Rasool titled "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate" (Science 173, 138–141). This paper used a 1-d radiative transfer model to examine the competing effects of cooling from aerosols and warming from CO2. The paper concluded:
However, it is projected that man's potential to pollute will increase 6 to 8-fold in the next 50 years. If this increased rate of injection... should raise the present background opacity by a factor of 4, our calculations suggest a decrease in global temperature by as much as 3.5 °C. Such a large decrease in the average temperature of Earth, sustained over a period of few years, is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age. However, by that time, nuclear power may have largely replaced fossil fuels as a means of energy production.
Carbon dioxide was predicted to have only a minor role. However, the model was very simple and the calculation of the CO2 effect was lower than other estimates by a factor of about three, as noted in a footnote to the paper.
In 1976 Schneider wrote The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival in which he said:
One form of such pollution that affects the entire atmosphere is the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.... Human activities have already raised the CO2 content in the atmosphere by 10 percent and are estimated to raise it some 25 percent by the year 2000. In later chapters, I will show how this increase could lead to a 1° Celsius (1.8° Fahrenheit) average warming of the earth's surface... Another form of atmospheric pollution results from... atmospheric aerosols... there is some evidence that atmospheric aerosols may have already affected the climate. A consensus among scientists today would hold that a global increase in atmospheric aerosols would probably result in a cooling of the climate; however, a smaller but growing fraction of the current evidence suggests that it may have a warming effect.
And in another section (What Does It All Mean?", p. 90):
I have cited many examples of recent climatic variability and repeated the warnings of several well-known climatologists that a cooling effect has set in – perhaps one akin to the Little Ice Age - and that climatic variability, which is the bane of reliable food production, can be expected to increase along with the cooling.
In 1977 Schneider criticized a popular science book (The Weather Conspiracy: The Coming of the New Ice Age) that predicted an imminent Ice Age, writing in Nature:
...it insists on maintaining the shock effect of the dramatic...rather than the reality of the discipline: we just don't know enough to chose definitely at this stage whether we are in for warming or cooling— or when.
Media contributions
He was a frequent contributor to commercial and noncommercial print and broadcast media on climate and environmental issues, e.g., NOVA, Planet Earth, Nightline, Today Show, Tonight Show, Good Morning America, Dateline, Discovery Channel, British, Canadian and Australian Broadcasting Corporations.
Schneider has commented about the frustrations and difficulties involved with assessing and communicating scientific ideas.
In a January 2002 Scientific American article Schneider wrote:
I readily confess a lingering frustration: uncertainties so infuse the issue of climate change that it is still impossible to rule out either mild or catastrophic outcomes, let alone provide confident probabilities for all the claims and counterclaims made about environmental problems. Even the most credible international assessment body, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has refused to attempt subjective probabilistic estimates of future temperatures. This has forced politicians to make their own guesses about the likelihood of various degrees of global warming.
In 1989, Schneider addressed the challenge scientists face trying to communicate complex, important issues without adequate time during media interviews. This citation sometimes was used by his critics to accuse him of supporting misuse of science for political goals:
On the one hand, as scientists we are ethically bound to the scientific method, in effect promising to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but — which means that we must include all the doubts, the caveats, the ifs, ands, and buts. On the other hand, we are not just scientists but human beings as well. And like most people we'd like to see the world a better place, which in this context translates into our working to reduce the risk of potentially disastrous climatic change. To do that we need to get some broadbased support, to capture the public's imagination. That, of course, entails getting loads of media coverage. So we have to offer up scary scenarios, make simplified, dramatic statements, and make little mention of any doubts we might have. This 'double ethical bind' we frequently find ourselves in cannot be solved by any formula. Each of us has to decide what the right balance is between being effective and being honest. I hope that means being both. (Quoted in Discover, pp. 45–48, Oct. 1989. For the original, together with Schneider's commentary on its alleged misrepresentation, see also American Physical Society, APS News August/September 1996.).
Schneider has accused people, including Julian Simon, of deliberately taking this quote out of context in order to misrepresent his views.
Honors
* 1992 MacArthur Fellow "Genius Award".
* 2002 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
* Chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Section on Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences (1999–2001).
* Received a collective Nobel Peace Prize for his joint efforts with the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007).
Personal
Schneider was a survivor of an aggressive cancer, mantle cell lymphoma. He documented his struggle to conquer the condition, including applying his own knowledge of science to design his own treatment regime, in a self-published 2005 book, The Patient from Hell.He died unexpectedly on July 19, 2010 after suffering a heart attack while returning from a scientific meeting in Käringön, Sweden.
Selected publications Wybrane publikacje
* Stephen H. Schneider, Tim Flannery introduction (2009) 'Science as a Contact Sport: Inside the Battle to Save the Earth's Climate. National Geographic (November 3, 2009) ISBN 978-1426205408
* Stephen H. Schneider, Janica Lane (2005) The Patient from Hell: How I Worked with My Doctors to Get the Best of Modern Medicine and How You Can Too. Da Capo Lifelong Books.
* Stephen H. Schneider, Armin Rosencranz, John O. Niles (eds., 2002), Climate Change Policy: A Survey, Island Press, 368 pp; June 2002.
* Stephen H. Schneider and Terry L. Root (Editors, 2001), Wildlife Responses to Climate Change: North American Case Studies, Island Press; December 2001.
* Stephen H. Schneider (1997), Laboratory Earth: the Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose, HarperCollins; January 1997
* Stephen H. Schneider (Editor, 1996), Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, Oxford University Press; May 1996.
* Stephen H. Schneider, Penelope J. Boston (Eds, 1992), Scientists on Gaia, MIT Press; February 1992
* Stephen H. Schneider (1989), Global Warming: Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century?, Sierra Club Books; October 1989
* Stephen H. Schneider, Randi Londer (1984), Coevolution of Climate and Life, Sierra Club Books; May 1984
* Stephen H. Schneider, Lynne E. Mesirow (1976), The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival, Plenum Pub Corp; April 1976.
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, o¶miornica Paul
, Gregory Isaacs
, Włodzimierz Kaczanow
, Bohdan Łazuka
, Renata Węglińska
, ŁódĽ
, Deklaracja łódzka
, ENA
, Stefan M.
, Stefan Michnik
, ple ple
, bla bla
, Dahomej
, socjotechnika
, Anna Sikora
, Tomasz Popielarski
, Marcin Rekus
, Winicjusz Natoniewski
, Zbigniew Kaczorowski
, Abir
, Jamil
, Al Arabiya
, Christian Lindner
, emigrant
, Guido Westerwelle
, imigrant
, Horst Seehofer
, Natalia Knus
, Umm el-Fahm
, Baruch Marzel
, TP EmiTel
, Dariusz D.
, MUX2
, MUX3
, songspk
, essential killing
, halloween
, James Phelps
, Tianhe-1A
, Grzegorz Napierdalski
, i7
, M2050
, petaflop
, Stanisław Lenartowicz
, Maradona
, Maradonna
, ko¶ciół Maradony
, petryt
, pentryt
, żaglowiec
, Fryderyk Chopin
, Lista Przebojów
, Gowin
, cmentarz
, Heloween
, samorz±d
, Arsenal
, ztm
, ZDiTM
, Ludwik Jerzy Kern
, Filutek
, Marta Stebnicka
, Wacu¶
, słoń Ali
, Omar Khadr
, Solomon Burke
, szpeciele
, wazektomia
, HolyWins
, talak
, Wilibald
, Charlie Sheen
, Chistina Walsh
, farmerama.pl
, ipla
, nba
, wybory samorz±dowe 2010
, George W. Bush
, cke
, godzina
, Manchester City
, oke
, erodate
, farmerama
, Lotto wyniki
, Opus Angelorum
, Gabriele Bitterlich
, Shannon Tavarez
, tuenti
, FBI
, CIA
, Chaos
, Michael Abram
, Twitter
, Facebook
, David Chapman
, Lee Harvey Oswald
, Sirhan Sirhan
, The Manchurian Candidate
, kandydat
, Phil Ochs
, Nowa Lewica
, Cotchford Farm
, Essex
, Christopher Robin
, Terry Rawlings
, Bob Marley
, Michael Manley
, INXS
, Antonio Salieri
, SB
, way2sms
, superpharm
, Telmo Hurtado
, rzeĽnik z Andów
, Emiliano Quispe
, Jose Contreras
, Astaroth
, Gethuliel
, Ophajim
, Teresa Neumann
, przepowiednia
, proroctwo
, pulpietuszek
, El
, Elohim
, Adonai
, Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh
, Shaddai
, Tzevaot
, Kopernik
, Edzia
, Edyta Górniak
, program
, kumak
, Rossman
, Rossmann
, sekstelefonistka
, Janek od orgazmów
, Edward Mizikowski
, HSBC
, spin doktor
, spin doctor
, pułkownik Szczerbakow
, Google Mapy
, Google Maps
, Jysk
, Jisk
, Katie Middletone
, Kate Middletown
, Kate Midletone
, EURO 2012
, Agustin Egurrola
, Hryhorij Surkis
, Oleg Błochin
, Adam Giersz
, Franek Smuda
, Flix
, Slavek
, Slavko
, Siemko
, Strimko
, Klemek
, Tonia Dziwisz
, ONR
, F1
, E.ON
, Bergheim
, Georg Sitka
, ND-AE 265
, Matthias E
, Rudolf R
, Huberta Knöringer
, Ewa Fana
, Ewa Farma
, Barwy szczescia
, Kreutz
, Oleksy
, Roki
, Told/Untold/Retold
, III wojna ¶wiatowa
, TW
, Józef Życiński
, filozof
, tajny współpracownik
, wylew
, Rzym
, Roma
, Jozef
, Józek
, Jozek
, Joseph
, Josephus
, Jozef Zycinski
, Jozef Miroslaw Zycinski
, Curveball
, BND
, Thisamericanlife.org
, Coca-cola
, 7X Flavour
, Coca cola
, J. S. Pemberton
, aptekarz
, Mark Pendergrast
, Oorta
, teleskop Wise
, Tyche
, independent.co.uk
, Anders
, Gabi
, Gabrysia
, Kownacka
, Julian
, Julien
, Juliusz
, Hilary
, skype
, Monica Levinsky
, Monika Lewinsky
, Monika Lewińska
, George W.
, Franco Fratelli
, Franco Fratellini
, Joefrey Smith
, Jefrey Smith
, Joanna Trzaska-Wieczorek
, Male-alpha
, teflonowa patelnia
, wolne slowo
, wolno¶ć słowa
, Rasija
, Mateczka Rasija
, Stanisława Walasiewiczówna
, chromosom
, jajnik
, j±dro
, ACB
, ABC
, walka
, fight
, box
, boks
, Barbara
, Baska
, Ba¶ka
, Basia
, Ruth Handler
, Mattel
, My Scene
, Nolee
, Madison
, Westley
, Chelsea
, Kennedy
, Delancey
, Kenzie
, Nia
, Hudson
, River
, Bryant
, Sutton
, Ellis
, Ryan
, Santor
, Łapicki
, Radek
, Irek
, Tyler & Cameron Winklevoss
, Kaczyńskiene
, Szetyna
, Szatyn
, Szatan
, Sojuz
, Karp
, Karpiu
, David Czerny
, Dawid Czerny
, Konrad Wójcik
, Maja Sablewska
, Maya Sablewska
, Maja Szablewska
, Paulina Kut
, Paulin Czapla
, Paulina Czapla
, Rafał Majewski
, Bartosz Ku¶mierczyk
, Czesław Mozil
, Ada Szulc
, Anna Malacina
, William Malcolm
, Dawid Podsiadło
, X-Factor
, X-Faktor
, Bjorn Lislegaard
, Matt Cardle
, Mozzil
, Beata Kania
, Jessi Palmer
, DPFanatics
, IKnowThatGirl
, StreetBlowJobs
, MikeInBrazil
, FlexiblePositions
, FreshOuttaHighSchool
, Rychlyprachy
, BrownBunnies
, BigTitsInUniform
, BigTitsAtWork
, Lu.
, Marek
, Zenel
, Rejon sołecznicki
, Rejon solecznicki
, rajonas
, Ischak
, Abram
, Izzak
, Jafet
, Sanctus Unus
, Barabasz
, Piłat
, Jozue
, Domiu
, Jaro
, Jana Maria
, Longinus
, janusz
, Donald Tusk
, Jacek Kurski
, Jarosław Kaczyński
, Antonina Krzysztoń
, Maciej Wasielewski
, Stefan Niesiołowski
, Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz
, Michalina Wisłocka
, Dawid Bratko
, Jaromir Netzl
, Adam Michnik
, Władimir Putin
, Melchior Wańkowicz
, Pomysowy Dobromir
, Zaczarowany ołówek
, Michał Koterski
, Kuba Wojewódzki
, Mi¶ Uszatek
, Mi¶ Kolargol
, Eugeniusz Wróbel
, Grzegorz Wróbel
, Kristina Svechinskaya
, Benoit B. Mandelbrot
, Jagiełło
, WItold
, Antoni Macierewicz
, in vitro
, Grozny
, Czeczenia
, Czecznia
, katolik
, Jarosław Jagiełło
, Marek R.
, Olewnik
, Carlo Cosco
, Lea Garofalo
, Magda Szejbal
, Waszczykowski
, Tom Bosley
, Nergal
, ROBYG
, GPW2
, Palenque
, ligia
, Jesse James
, Tusk
, Brudziński
, Mario
, Zbcho
, Plaut
, Joachim
, Hosni
, 2012
, gnida
, trap
, Afganisthan
, tryptyk
, Dyduch
, Kenya
, Morocco
, Israel
, USSR
, trele morele
, Tupac
, pal
, palowanie
, Chris Hondros
, Tim Hetherington
, Libia
, Libya
, Guy Martin
, Panos
, BBC
, Wielkanoc
, Wielka Non
, Easter
, Wielka ¦roda
, Wielki Czwartek
, Wielki Pi±tek
, Jezus
, Jehoszua
, Jahweh
, JHWH
, ukrzyżowanie
, krzyż
, Medvediev
, Miedwiediew tańczy
, Agent Tomek
, Smolensk
, mgła
, mgla
, sekret
, secret
, tajemnica
, Grzegorz Lato
, Piszczatowski
, Meler
, Meller
, Milewski
, Kovalsky
, Anodina
, Kaczyński
, Kaczynski
, szydło
, Adam Małysz
, Malysz
, Malysch
, Dakar
, Dakkar
, Drakar
, rajd
, Sony
, PSP
, Playstation
, Playstation Network
, Mirosław Maj
, Misrata
, Ryszard Fałek
, Hubert Schlafly
, Żywa Biblioteka
, Pracownia Różnorodno¶ci
, Patrik Sjoeberg
, Viljo Nousiainen
, Christian Skaar Thomassen
, Yannick Tregaro
, Stefan Holm
, palem
, Bellator
, Osama bin Laden
, Adam Yahiye Gadahn
, Ayman Al-Zawahiri
, Daniel Andreas San Diego
, Fahd Mohammed Ahmed Al-Quso
, Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali
, Anas Al-Liby
, Abdul Rahman Yasin
, Saif al-Adel
, Hasan Izz-Al-Din
, Fazul Abdullah Mohammed
, Osama lives
, survivor
, survived
, Abbattabad
, Bulent Didinmez
, Ihsan Barutcu
, Recep Tayyip Erdogan
, Nikki and Ell
, Eldar Gasimov
, Niga Jamal
, Grzegorz Braun
, Dominique Strauss-Kahn
, Martine Aubry
, Christine Lagarde
, Leszek Balcerowicz
, James Thompson
, Mariusz Pudzianowski
, KSW
, KO
, winner is
, Oprah Winfrey
, show
, Fitch
, BB+
, B+
, Anna Polina
, Brangelina
, Marc Dorcel
, Jarosław Zabiełło
, zbiru
, Komor-killer
, Komor-szoter
, Diktatura
, Szufa
, Polen zijn tuig. Allemaal!
, Gert Wilders
, Mark Rutte
, Sammie Spades
, Koithan
, Samantha Kogelman
, Maciej Zembaty
, Leonard Cohen
, Łukasz Kubot
, Bonin
, David Haye
, Władimir Kliczko
, COVEC
, GDDKiA
, Bogl a Krysl
, Eurovia
, Warbud
, A2
, PJN
, ZSL
, PSL
, PPP
, and the winner is
, rewelacyjny wynik
, próg wyborczy
, prog
, porównywarka
, expander.pl
, openfinance.pl
, pożyczka gotówkowa
, kredyt gotówkowy
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